Which action is a confidentiality breach example?

• A. Shoulder surfing
• B. Data encryption
• C. Access control
• D. System patching

Answer: (A)

Confidentiality is about keeping sensitive information secret from people who shouldn’t see it. Shoulder surfing—the act of someone peeking at a screen or keyboard to capture passwords, PINs, or confidential documents—directly compromises confidentiality by exposing information to an unauthorized person. The other options are protective measures: encryption makes data unreadable to unauthorized readers, strengthening confidentiality; access control limits who can access data or systems; system patching fixes security flaws to reduce exposure. In short, shoulder surfing is a breach of confidentiality because it involves unauthorized disclosure of information.